Brazil: Geography

Topographic map of Brazil.

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,^[142] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and France (French overseas region of French Guiana) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.^[15] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.^[142] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km² (3,287,956 sq mi),^[143] including 55,455 km² (21,411 sq mi) of water.^[15] It spans four time zones; from UTC−5 comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC−4 in the western states, to UTC−3 in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.^[144]
Brazil is the only country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. It is also the only country to have contiguous territory both inside and outside the tropics. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.^[145] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.^[145] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.^[145]
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).^[145] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.^[145] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.^[15]
Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.^[146] Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.^[146]

Geography of Brazil
Serra dos Órgãos, part of the Serra do Mar
Chapada Diamantina, in the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia.
Pico da Neblina, Amazonas, the highest mountain in Brazil.
Cavern in Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Brazil

Brazil map of Köppen climate classification.

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.^[15] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.^[147] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.^[148]^[149]
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.^[147] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),^[149] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.^[148]
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.^[148] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.^[147] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,^[150] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year^[151] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.^[148] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,^[152] caused approximately half a million deaths.^[153] A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.^[154]
South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.^[147] The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);^[149] winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest areas.^[147]^[148]

Climate of Brazil
Snow near Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.
Tropical climate in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro.
Equatorial climate in Meeting of Waters, Amazonas.
Semi-arid climate in the Serra da Capivara National Park, Piauí.

Biodiversity and environment

Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil, Deforestation in Brazil, and Conservation in Brazil

Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,^[155] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.^[156] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.^[156] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.^[156]

The Amazon rainforest, the richest and most biodiverse rainforest in the world.

Larger mammals include carnivores pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes, and herbivores peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.^[156]^[157] Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.^[158] Brazil's Amazon Basin is home to an extremely diverse array of fish species, including the red-bellied piranha. Despite its reputation as a ferocious freshwater fish, the red-bellied piranha is actually a generally timid scavenger. Biodiversity can contribute to agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries extraction. However, almost all economically exploited species of plants, such as soybeans and coffee, or animals, such as chickens, are imported from other countries, and the economic use of native species still crawls. In the Brazilian GDP, the forest sector represents just over 1% and fishing 0.4%.
The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water pollution, climate change, fire, and invasive species.^[155] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.^[159] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.^[158]^[160] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including the controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.^[161]